Argumentative Essay Outline On Abortion - 715 Words

Is Her Body Truly Hers? I. Does a woman really have control over her own body? Abortion has been out in the open as a topic in debate since the 1960s. Abortions have been practiced long before Row v Wade in 1973; there were once anti-abortion laws in 1910. According to thoughtco.com,† In the United States, abortion laws began to appear in the 1820s, forbidding abortion after the fourth month of pregnancy†[1]. Abortion is still quite a hot topic in 2017, and everyone is entitled to what they believe is right. The question is, is should abortion be legal in the United States and the rest of the world? In my opinion, abortion should be legal across the globe. Anti-abortion laws are so outdated; women should be able to take back their bodies†¦show more content†¦Having sexual intercourse even with protection always carries the risk of pregnancy. One might object that abortion should be legal, because fetuses can feel pain and women should take responsibility for their actions. C. Respond to Counter-Argument (Premise 3)Although pregnancy is always a risk when engaging in sexual intercourse, many young adults aren’t properly sexually educated. Sadly, some women get raped and happen to get pregnant not by their choice. Why would a woman want to bring a child into the world if it is unwanted? Believe it or not, (Premise 4) abortions are a lot safer than child birth, if performed by a professional. According to E.G. Raymond and D.A. Grimes, â€Å"A womans risk of dying from having an abortion is 0.6 in 100,000, while the risk of dying from giving birth is around 14 times higher (8.8 in 100,000)†[3]. I reply that abortion should be legal, because there are young adults out in the world having sex without proper the education, and in the instances of rape cases where women unwantedly get pregnant. III. Conclusion (conclustion)Abortions should be legal because a woman should have control over her own body. Abortion has been a constitutional right since 1973, so why should we revert to when abortion was illegal and women were dying due to blood loss from self-done abortions? Young teens and adults should have access to abortions when needed because not everyone is fortunateShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : My Career Life Consuming And Stressful Classes I Have Ever Taken1521 Words   |  7 Pagestough time making my sentences flow together easily, my essays sounded choppy. Also, it was obvious when I was stretching my sentences to make an essay the required length; I no longer need to do that, now I must work on shortening my essays. This portfolio contains assignments completed in this composition class. These will all show evidence of improved writing from this first draft to the final copy. Throughout the portfolio, four essays and three inferior writing assignments will be found. EachRead MoreWhat Makes A Successful Argument?927 Words   |  4 Pagesargument? An argumentative essay is similar to any other essay. The writing process may vary, but only slightly to meet the demands of an argument. When writing a convincing argumentative essay, one must first choose a topic and then think about that chosen topic, draft a thesis statement, understand the intended audience, gather evidence, refute opposing arguments, revise the thesis statement, establish credibility, draft the essay, revise the essay, and finally polish the essay. By implementingRead MoreEnglish 111 Evaluation Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesof writing. This essay will evaluate the English 111 textbooks, essays, self-reflections, the instructor, and what I personally learned. The English 111 textbook had effective sample essays and diagrams of outlines. The Successful College Writing Textbook is the textbook used for the English 111 course. This textbook had great sample essays because they showed useful examples of transition words and phrases. These sample essays also gave a guideline for writing a proper essay. The diagrams in theRead MoreDescriptive Analysis6093 Words   |  25 PagesDescriptive Analyses of the Essays and Short Stories Narration and Description THE STRATEGIES Although the narrative and descriptive essays are often given as separate assignments in composition courses, they are combined in this first section so that teachers can present expressive writing and still reserve time for the many forms of informative and argumentative writing. This choice is tricky because it confirms the folk wisdom about expressive writing and rhetorical difficulty. According toRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesdegree of success or failure. In summary, evidence suggests that a five-step learning model is most effective for helping individuals develop management skills (see Cameron Whetten, 1984; Kolb, 1984; Vance, 1993; Whetten Cameron, 1983). Table 3 outlines such a model. Step 1 involves the assessment of current levels of skill competency and knowledge of the behavioral principles. Step 2 consists of the presentation of validated, scientifically based principles and guidelines for effective skill performanceRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagessupervised the work from time to time. It was then decided to prepare a Dictionary for the use of English-speaking people, with the object of encouraging them to learn the language of one of the largest, if not the largest, of the tribes in Nigeria. The outline Dictionary of English words, by A.C. Madan, prepared for students of African languages, was taken as the basis of work, and in 1913 this selection of words was completed. Archdeacon Dennis was asked to revise the work and to see it through the PressRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesapplicants who did not wear Muslim-identified attire.54 Faith can be an employment issue when religious beliefs prohibit or encourage certain behaviors. Based on their religious beliefs, some pharmacists refuse to hand out RU-486, the â€Å"morning after† abortion pill. Many Christians do n ot believe they should work on Sundays, and many conservative Jews believe they should not work on Saturdays. Religious individuals may also believe they have an obligation to express their beliefs in the workplace, and

Literature Review-Fdi in Retail - 1349 Words

RETAIL MARKETING PROJECT INTERIM REPORT LITERATURE REVIEW AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE GROWTH PROSPECTS AND PROFITABILITY OF FDI IN RETAIL SEGMENTS OF INDIA Submitted to: Prof. Sapna Parashar Date: 23-07-2008 Submitted by: Arnab Sinha 071108 INDEX INDEX 2 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS 3 Summary of Retail Market in India and FDI in Indian Retail 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 1. Literature Review-1 5 2. Literature Review-2 5 3. Literature Review-3 6 4. Literature Review-4 7 5. Literature Review-5 7 GAP ANALYSIS 8 REFERENCES 9 CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS Summary of†¦show more content†¦The three firms are two U.K.-based multinational retailers (Tesco and The Body Shop) and a French-based global retailer (Moà «t Hennessy,Louis Vuitton). Evidence of strong network relationships for all three retailers is found, although each embraces network strategies for different reasons. Their flagship relationships depend on each retailer s strategic use of firm-specific-advantages (FSA s) and country-specific advantages (CSA s). It infers that a flagship strategy can succeed in overcoming internal and/or environmental constraints to cross-border resource transfers, which are barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI). 3. Literature Review-3 Title: Foreign entry into British retailing, 1850-1994 Authors: Andrew Godley, Scott Fletcher Source: International Marketing Review; Volume: 17 Issue: 4/5; 2000 This paper traces the history of foreign direct investment in UK retailing since 1850. The results suggest that the upsurge of cross-border activity in the 1980s and early 1990s was exceptional in absolute terms. However, when compared to the most likely determinant of entry rates, consumer purchasing power, the recent upturn is best seen as a return, after several decades of relatively low entry rates, to the high level of FDI prevailing in the early twentieth century. Moreover, the paper concludes that cross-border retailing will continue to increase, and to do so at a rate close to twice that of the growth in consumerShow MoreRelatedForeign Direct Investment ( Fdi )1329 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction 1.1 Research Background Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to an investment made by a firm or entity based in one country into a firm or entity based in another country. The investing firm may make its overseas investment in many forms, like mergers and acquisition or building new facilities in overseas (Hannon Reddy, 2012). Thus, FDI have been a significant driver of economic development in China since the start of the Reform and Opening Policy in 1978 – 1979. Since the startRead MoreFdi Boon or Bane5112 Words   |  21 PagesFDI FDI in Retail –BOON OR BANE *MD13109* Abstract: India is the attractive and profit oriented market for the investment to developed countries. Despite its good surplus and evergreen sector, the Retail-business in India lacks in Capital Investment and lack of transparency. The retailers are just focusing on urban sector and are unable to penetrate in rural sector. FDI can be one solution that will lead to the expected development. If FDI is allowed in Retail-sector, it will help RetailersRead MoreThe Impact Of Fdi On The Economy Of The Country And Current Trend Of Fdi2445 Words   |  10 PagesChapter: 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The research aims to find out the impact of FDI on economy of the country and current trend of FDI in retailing sector of India with specific reference to E-Commerce. This section presents the discussion of various authors and researchers on the topic of research. The section start with defining concept of FDI and presenting its impact on economy. As the case of retail sector of India is considered to understand the impact of FDI , recent trend of FDI inRead MoreForeign Direct Investment Policies Of India With Respect For E Commerce Retailing Sector2348 Words   |  10 PagesId: 9791265 Course: Msc International Business and Management Introduction Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the control of the operations or the ownership of domestic companies by foreign companies. It normally involves establishing operations or acquiring tangible assets.(Foreign direct investment definition from financial times lexicon, no date) There are three types of FDI: Horizontal: When a company carries out the same activities across international borders that they used to doRead MoreRelationship between Stock Price and FDI Essay example1517 Words   |  7 Pagesthat had the objective to gain long term interest or benefit from other countries that need capital for development. FDI have divided into 3 categorty such as Horizontal FDI, plaform FDI and vertical FDI. Kimberly state that Foreign direct investment is global economic growth which are apply in all countries such as developing and emerging market countries. The main purpose of FDI that the investor from other countries invests the surplus capital to other countries to gain benefit. At same time,Read MoreDissertation - Fdi Impact on Chinese Banks10017 Words   |  41 PagesWords: FDI, Chinese retail banks, Chinese banks strategy, emerging countries, banking market share, Revenue and Profits, impact. Introduction In contemporary social and with the world econo006Dy expand. It has produced a great number of multinational banks, those banks in order to achieve more profit, they expand and develop to emerging countries, which is called foreign direct investment (FDI). So, in this report, in order to much better understand some information about FDI, especially FDI impactRead MoreRisks Of A Foreign Environment1442 Words   |  6 Pagesinvest abroad, try to find out whether there are good ways that company can use to reduce the effects of these risks and make a suitable decision. 1.0 LITERATURE REVIEW To invest abroad, firstly company should concern about the effect of economic risk. The arguments on the effects are variance. On the one hand, there is a point of view showed that the FDI organizations are not influenced significantly by a country’s specific economic risk. The explanation for this is that important elements in companies’Read MoreThe Internationalisation Of Emerging Market Multinationals ( Emncs )1621 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod. A critical observation of extant literature shows however, that multinationals from Asia and Latin America has dominated the study of EMNCs internationalisation (Child and Rodriguez, 2005; Yeoh, 2011; Fortanier Tulder, 2009; Sim, 2005,). Others include that of Olaya, Olaya and Cueter (2012) of 5 Latin American countries, while, Cyrino, Barcellos Tanure (2010) study Brazil, Eren-Erdogmus, Cobanoglu, YalcÄ ±n Ghauri (2010) study Turkish retail firms and Bianchi, (2014) that of ChileanRead MoreForeign Investment Into The Lo ndon Property Market1421 Words   |  6 Pagesof foreign investment, a comparison with another area of the country and the presence of foreign money in other areas in the UK. The aim of the project is to investigate and document something that has not been extensively researched in academic literature. The present day issue of foreign investment in London property provides somewhat of a gap in academic study which I hope (in a small way) to begin to fill. There are several reasons for me choosing this particular area to research, the first isRead MoreCapital Theories Of Capital Theory2374 Words   |  10 Pages2. Literature Review (2,370) Capital theory FDI has only been treated as separate to traditional theories of capital movements in the internationally sphere since the 1950s (ref: lit review copied text). It became a system and theory in its own right in response to undertakings to understand the inadequacies in projected investment return from different countries, and began to differentiate between them as individual systems. A study by Mundell (1960) showed that some American firms were actually

Family Day Essay - 965 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Family Day When I was around 6, I had gotten out of church wearing my nice church clothes with a tie, shoes, dressy pants, and a blazer. I was with my mom, dad, brother, and sister, who all had on church clothes too. My sister had the same things my mom had on, a black long skirt with an expensive white shirt. My brother and dad had on the same thing too: black shoes, navy blue pants, black bowtie and white shirt. I was the only one with a blazer on. My siblings and I were really happy we all went to church together, so I guess my dad was happy because of that, but he had a tired look on his face too. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After church,†¦show more content†¦I guess to make sure no one got in to rob them it was so high. It had a metal gate in the middle, about 20 feet tall, but an opening we can walk through. There was a doorman there who said we could get in for free, but we had to give a donation – any amount we wanted to give. So my dad gave him a few bucks and we kept moving. It was beautiful once we got in. There were trees so high up and along a cement road; we could walk around the garden. In the garden there were houses that seemed old and run down, like they had been there for years but went inside one, it smelled like roses. We noticed at second glance it was a rose house with many different types of roses. They had red, yellow, white, even pink roses. My sister loved it there; she was dreaming she was in a romantic movies waiting for her dream man to come. My brother and I just laughed at her, saying she was stupid. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As we moved along, we got to a bridge that seemed old and run down, but I thought of it as an adventure. Under the bridge, there was this disgusting muck of black water. Of course my brother and I had to go across it, even though my dad said no because we may fall in the water. I am not that stupid, so I told my brother to go first. He ran across the bridge and made it just fine, so I though â€Å"it is my turn; if he can make it, so can I†. So I pretended I was in a race for my life. LikeShow MoreRelatedA Day For My Family965 Words   |  4 PagesLucky I will never forget the day I moved in to my own house. I guess you could say it was a really lucky day for my little family. It was that day when the world seemed to be a little less gloomy, and I felt a little less helpless. For once, things were looking up for us, us being my boyfriend Andrayus, my dog Chewy, and myself. It all started when I was simply driving from school a whole twenty minutes out of town where we were staying at his grandmother’s. 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The consumer demand is so high that pork is now a multibillion-dollar industry, Swann (2014). Now the family farm has evolved into what critics call â€Å"factory farms† due to high consumer demand for affordable meat pork products in the United States (p.43). This mass production calls for animals to be forced to live in confined spaces and operate a breeding system for massRead MoreMy Day With My Family996 Words   |  4 Pageswhen I am home with my family. Any activity we do together is amazing. Whether it’s watching a movie together, having dinner, or having something to talk about. There is always a time of the day where we just have a good laugh about something that happened throughout the day. I know my family will always be there for me and I will do the same for them. I believe that I am blessed to have such a loving, caring, and compassionate family. I believe when times are tough, my family is my true comfort. 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While at this gathering I noticed that there was one family member who seemed not to be eating any of the food that was set out, she seemed to be using caution with any of the food she did eat. ThisRead MoreThe Day My Family And I Moved889 Words   |  4 PagesFifteenth May 2014: The day my family and I moved from Chicago to London because of my Dads promotion. I was enraged about the move though, my family were filled with outright awe. The thought of moving to London, trying new cultures and meeting new individuals tempted them to moving. School: Their accen t and uniform – everything was odd. My brother then again delighted in finding another nation and way of life, so he fitted in superbly. Every second was hell and the hall possessed an aroma similarRead MoreA Sunny Day And The Royal Tiger Family733 Words   |  3 PagesIt was a sunny day and the royal Tiger family was walking through the jungle. Hunt, the king, said â€Å"Is it a wonderful day kids.† â€Å"No dad† said Melissa as they were walking through the jungle.Their son Brandon, the prince, said â€Å"Yes father it’s a wonderful day.† â€Å"Honey should we search the area for bad animals?† said Amy the Queen. â€Å"Yeah dad let’s search please† said Brandon. â€Å"Yeah dad let s go it would make my day happier† said Melissa. â€Å"Yes honey it would make the kids day more fun to search

Corporate Finance Utilisation of Financial Statements

Question: Discuss about the Report for Corporate Finance of Utilisation of Financial Statements. Answer: Introduction Australian Accounting Standard has developed many standards for proper presentation and utilisation of financial statements. Thus, Presentation of Financial Statements AASB 101 which represents the format in which accounts should be formed is applicable for the reporting period after 1st January 2009. This standard was structured by the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) on 16th August 2007 (Haswell and Langfieldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Smith, 2008). The purpose of this standard is to set down the basis for the appropriate presentation of financial statements for a common purpose to confirm it's inter and intra comparability with its own organisation and other organisation too (Dean and Clarke, 2005). It sets an overall requirement for the format in which financial statements should be presented and the minimum requirement to be followed by content and guidelines of their structure. Therefore the crux of application of this standard is to present a financial statement in a format that it can be used by other organisation for comparison purpose and within the entity for the same purpose. The standard is applicable to each and every organisation which is required to present financial statements in agreement with the corporate act and by the entity whose financial statement are held out for the general purpose financial statement. Part I: In the first part, the case of the consolidation of the wholly owned subsidiary is given in which Lisa Ltd has acquired Kam Ltd. with cash consideration. As per AASB 101, the financial reports of annual accounts of an organisation includes a statement of financial position at the end of the year, a statement of profit loss and other comprehensive income for the period flow statement for the period. It comprises of a statement which presents the changes in equity for the period and the notes to accounts are comprised with it including an abstract of considerable accounting policies on the basis of which accounts have been formed. The entity after formation of books of account has to disclose in the annual report that the financial statement prepared by the management concludes that they present fairly the financial position of the entity. It has also to be concluded by them that it has been compiled with Australian Accounting Standards unless the available variation is done only to present a financial statement in a fair manner (AASB, 2004). The first part includes journal entries and abstract of consolidated balance sheet. All the working and calculations which are part of it are also presented here. The working of each account has been presented to show detail working of each account. Journal Entries in the books of Lisa Ltd. For the period 1.1.2016 to 30.6.2016 Sr. No. Date Particular Dr. Amount Cr. Amount 1 1.1.2016 Fixtures Fittings A/c Dr. 60000 Inventory A/c Dr. 20000 Patent A/c Dr. 90000 To Legal Claim A/c 15000 To Business Purchase A/c 88000 To Capital Reserve A/c 113000 [Being business of Kam Ltd. acquired by accepting its all asset and liabilities at fair value and the fair value of patent has been assumed nil.] 2 1.1.2016 Business Purchase A/c Dr. 88000 To Cash 88000 [Being business of Kam Ltd. Acquired against cash.] 3 30.6.2016 Cash A/c Dr. 18000 To Inventory a/c 9000 To Surplus on sale of inventory a/c 9000 [Being 90% of inventory sold at fair value.(Refer working note.1)] 4 30.6.2016 Depreciation A/c Dr. 15000 To Fixture Fittings A/c 15000 [Being depreciation charged on fixture and fittings. (Refer working note 2.)] 5 30.6.2016 Profit loss a/c Dr. 15000 To depreciation a/c 15000 [Being depreciation transferred to profit and loss a/c.] 6 30.6.2016 Surplus on sale of inventory a/c Dr. 9000 To Profit Loss a/c 9000 [Being profit received on sale of inventory transferred to profit and loss a/c.] 7 30.6.2016 Profit Loss a/c Dr. 9000 To Capital Reserve 9000 [Being the profit earned on sale of inventory transferred to profit and loss a/c and then adjusted against capital reserve.](Refer working note 3.) Working Note.1 Calculation of profit on sale of Inventory: Sr. No. Particular Amount 1 Fair Value of Inventory sold (90% of Inventory) 18000 2 Carrying amount of Inventory 9000 3 Profit on sale (Fair value less carrying amount.) 9000 Note: As the profit is earned by Lisa Ltd. after the acquisition it will be transferred to Reserve and Surplus account. Working Note.2 Calculation of depreciation on Fixtures Fittings: Sr. No. Particular Amount 1 Fair Value of Fixture Fittings 60000 2 Years having beneficial life 2 years 3 Depreciation (Fair value/ no. of remaining years having benefit life) 30000 4 Depreciation for period of six month 15000 Working Note.3 Calculation of amount of profit adjusted with capital reserve: Sr. No. Particular Amount 1 Profit from sale of inventory 9000 2 Amount adjusted against capital reserve 9000 Note: As the goods were sold before 30.06.2016 and the inventory was accounted at the fair value rather than the carrying cost. Therefore, at the time of consolidation, the whole profit was already accounted and hence now it will be adjusted against the capital reserve. Working Note.4 Taxes: Sr. No. Particular Amount 1 Profit from sale of inventory 9000 2 Depreciation on fixture fittings for the period 15000 3 Profit/ (Loss) during the period -6000 An Abstract of Consolidated Balance Sheet of Lisa Ltd. as at 30 June 2016 Notes Amount of $ ASSETS Financial Assets Cash and cash equivalents - Trade and other receivables - Total financial assets - Non-Financial Assets Land and buildings - Property, plant and equipment - Fixtures Fittings 45,000 Intangibles 2 90,000 Inventories 3 2,000 Other - Total non-financial assets 1,37,000 Total Assets 1,37,000 LIABILITIES Non-Current Liabilities Long Term Loan - Other - Total - Current Liabilities Bank Overdraft 4 70,000 Suppliers - Others - Total 70,000 Provisions Employee provisions - Other 5 15,000 Total provisions 15,000 Total Liabilities 85,000 Net Assets 52,000 EQUITY Parent Entity Interest Contributed equity - Reserves 6 1,13,000 Deficit 7 (15,000) Total parent entity interest 98,000 Total Equity 98,000 Notes to accounts: Fixture fittings: Opening Value 60000 Depreciation (15000) Written down value 45000 Intangible Assets : Patent 90000 Inventory: Closing Stock 2000 Bank Overdraft: Balance as on 30.6.2016 70000 (As the balance of cash is negative, it has been considered as bank overdraft ) Other: Provision of Legal Claim 15000 Reserves: Capital Reserve 113000 Deficit: Profit Loss account 15000 Working Note: 1 Fixture Fittings Date Particular Amount Date Particular Amount 1.1.2016 To Business Purchase A/c 20000 30.6.2016 By Cash 18000 By Balance b/d 2000 Total 20000 Total 20000 Working Note: 2 Inventory A/c Date Particular Amount Date Particular Amount 1.1.2016 To Business Purchase A/c 20000 30.6.2016 By Cash 18000 By Balance b/d 2000 Total 20000 Total 20000 Working Note: 3 Bank Overdraft Date Particular Amount Date Particular Amount 1.1.2016 To Business Purchase A/c 88000 30.6.2016 By sale of Inventory 18000 By Balance b/d 70000 Total 88000 Total 88000 Working Note: 4 Legal Claim Date Particular Amount Date Particular Amount 30.6.2016 To Balance b/d 15000 1.1.2016 By Business PurchaseA/c 15000 Total 15000 Total 15000 Working Note: 5 Capital Reserve Date Particular Amount Date Particular Amount 30.6.2016 To Balance b/d 113000 1.6.2016 By Balance b/d 113000 (as created by purchase of Kam Ltd) Total 113000 Total 113000 Working Note: 6 Profit Loss Account Date Particular Amount Date Particular Amount 30.6.2015 To Depreciation 15000 30.6.2015 By Surplus on sale of Inventory 9000 By Balance b/d 6000 Total 15000 Total 15000 Part II: The following considerations have been taken while solving the below part: According to the Australian Accounting Standards the basis which has to be applied while the formation of books of accounts by all the entities are going concern, accounting on an accrual basis and substance over form (Sheet, 2012). The format of the statement of profit or loss account and another comprehensive income is according to AASB 101. The presentation of financial statement should be in accordance with other accounting standards which are relating to revenue such as AASB 118 relating to revenue. According to this standard, an entity requires accounting its revenue by measuring the consideration received or receivable on a fair basis (AASB, 2008). The income generated from activities which are not incidental to the functional activities of the organisation are included under the head other comprehensive income in profit or loss statement. Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income Note In $'000s Income Sales 1 5,000 Expenses Cost of Sales 2 3,500 Expenses Marketing Cost 2 66 Administrative Cost 2 99 Distribution Cost 2 200 Finance Cost 3 100 Profit before Income Tax 1,035 Income Tax 4 311 Profit for the year after tax 5 725 Profit distributed as Dividend 6 10 Profit retained by the company 715 Total other comprehensive Income 0 Comprehensive profit for the year 715 Notes to Account: Note 1. Revenue Particular Amount In $'000s Sales 5000 Total 5000 Commentary Note-1 Revenue: AASB 118 has been followed in book-keeping for proceeds generated during the following transactions and events: Sales of the product. The reproduction of services. Receipt of Interest, royalty and dividend. Note 2. Expenses Particular Amount In $'000s Cost of Sales 5000 Expenses from transactions: Marketing Cost 66 Administrative Cost 99 Distribution Cost 200 Total Expenses 5365 Commentary - Note 2 Expenses: This head includes any outlay of payments needed for the generation of income. An expense is considered as part of operation system only when: It is probable that the consumption is consequential in a diminution of an asset or amplifies in the liability that has occurred. Future economic benefits whose consumption or loss can be reasonably measured. Note 3. Finance Cost Particular Amount In $'000s Finance Cost 100 Total 100 Commentary - Note 3 Finance Cost: This cost is accounted in the period in which it is incurred as an expense and to be shown as a separate head. Finance cost includes: Finance charges in respect of finance leases recognised in accordance with AASB 117 Leases are to be followed for accounting finance charges in respect of finance leases. Interest on bank overdraft (accounted as an expense in the year they are been paid). Note 4. Income Tax Particular Amount In $'000s Profit before tax 1035 Tax Rate (30%) 310.5 Total Current Tax 310.5 Note 5. Profit for the year after tax Particular Amount In $'000s Profit Before Tax 1035 Tax 311 Total 724 Note 6. Dividend Particular Amount In $'000s Dividend paid to shareholders 10 Total 10 Note 7. Surplus on sale of plant and machinery: Particular Amount In $'000s Proceeds from sale of plant and machinery 800 Carrying amount of plant and machinery 400 Surplus 400 Commentary - Note 7 Finance Cost: The above profit is a capital profit as the sale of plant and machinery is not an operation activity for the organisation. For ascertaining the cost of plant and machinery, the lower of cost or carrying the amount of plant and machinery will be considered. It has been assumed that capital gains are exempted from tax; hence no treatment has been done regarding it. Conclusion: The above two parts are solved in accordance with AASB 101. Each and every calculation has been described in a detailed manner so that it could be easily understood. The presentation of accounts is also according to AASB 101; wherever it has been not followed the reason of it has been described. The assumptions taken while solving the numerical part have been informed by way of a note. The journal entries have been explained with narrations to make it clearer. The above analysis depicts that the financial statements are an ordered presentation of the financial performance and position of the organisation. The aim of financial statement is to present data about the financial performance and cash flows of the organisation that can be utilised for making a financially viable decision by a wide range of users. The first part shows the financial position of the entity on a particular date i.e.30.06.2016 by considering the value of assets and liabilities are same is presented through this statement. The capital reserve which has been created due to consolidation with Kam Ltd shows that consolidation is beneficial for acquiring the company. The second part represent the profit of 715000$ earned by the entity for the period. It shows that the entity is financially sustainable. The capital income earned by the entity during the period has been shown separately as it does not form part of profit or loss account. References AASB, A.S., 2004. Presentation of Financial Statements. Balance Sheet. 68. P.73. AASB, A.S., 2008. Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements. Routledge. Dean, G. and Clarke, F., 2005. True and Fairand Fair ValueAccounting and Legal Willà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Wisps.Abacus.41(2). Pp.i-viii. Haswell, S. and Langfieldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Smith, I., 2008. Fiftyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Seven Serious Defects in AustralianIFRS. Australian Accounting Review. 18(1). Pp.46-62. Sheet, B., 2012. General Purpose Financial Reports. Cengage learning.

IM in the Workplace Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway

Abstract The technology convergence witnessed in the 21st century has heralded a new technological communication frontier for organizations. This report specifically aims to delineate how instant messaging (IM) could be harnessed to drive the business and organizational strategies of MM’s into the future.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on IM in the Workplace: Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of MM’s has been attributed to many factors, including eye-catching and distinctive advertisements and promotions, effective employee and consumer participation and feedback, extensive marketing strategies, affordable pricing, and a broad assortment of customized product possibilities. Through a critical evaluation of existing literature, it has been demonstrated that the real-time functionality of IM, simplicity of use, unique affordances, collaboration cap ability, and rich presence has endeared many organizations to adopt the technology. Other factors such as presence awareness, visual alerting, and capability to support multiple synchronous conversations have been highlighted as strong points for IM. Among the disadvantages, it has been noted that IM can not only turn into a productivity drain if misused, but it can open a can of worms in terms of security risks and legal issues if it is ineffectually used. IM represents one of the most rapidly proliferating communications tools that are swiftly being adopted by global organizations. A critical review of literature contained in this report demonstrates that corporate IM use is substantial and growing. Consequently, the most fundamental thing for MM’s to do is to swing into action and ensure that policies and frameworks are put in place with the aim to holistically harness the power and communication capabilities offered by IM. Introduction The technology convergence witnessed in the 21st century has heralded a new technological communication frontier for organizations as unprecedented discoveries and innovations continue to bombard the global business scene with a panorama of communication technologies aimed at establishing and sustaining the groundwork for organizations to meet their business goals and objectives.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business leaders are taking notice of the advantages offered by new and emerging technologies such as email, videoconferencing, mobile telephony, teleconferencing, and in recent times, instant messaging (Primeaux Flint, 2004; Cameron Webster, 2005), and many organizations have adopted either one or several of these communication platforms depending on their business needs and objective of use (Symon, 2000). While consecutive studies have been published to demonstrate the efficacy and productive capab ilities of the emerging communication technologies, the knowledge of their weak links and perceived disadvantages is also in the public domain. This report specifically aims to delineate how instant messaging (IM) could be harnessed to drive the business and organizational strategies of MM’s into the future. A Synopsis of MM’s Company For the over 60 years that it has been in existence, MM’s has created a market share that is yet to be matched by the company’s close competitors. In 2004, the company was on record for realizing an impressive $201 million in candy sales in the United States alone, a feat that propelled it into the top spot in the market for boxed and bagged chocolates in the country (Wax, 2010). The success of MM’s has been attributed to many factors, including eye-catching and distinctive advertisements and promotions, effective employee and consumer participation and feedback, extensive marketing strategies, affordable pricing, and a broad assortment of customized product possibilities(MM Website, 2010). According to Nash (2000), for contemporary businesses to remain competitive and be profitable, they must develop the right communication tools aimed at eliciting maximum employee and customer satisfaction. Although MM’s has a hierarchical organizational structure to allow for efficient leadership through the rank and file of the company, the management takes cognizance of the fact that its corporate culture must emphasize the brand essence, promise, and unique personality (Rehoboth, 2004). The concept that the company’s products, services, and experiences are a major constituent of its personification has been well enshrined in the company’s strategies geared towards fulfilling the needs and expectations of an expanding market base.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on IM in the Workplace: Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More MM’s take cognizance of the fact that employees are the organization’s most valued asset and, as such, it exercises an open-door communication strategy aimed at availing to employees the leverage to be flexible, creative and innovative as long as products meets or surpasses customer expectations (Wax, 2010). MM’s has been in the frontline in adopting computer-based technologies with the view to integrate them into the frameworks and platforms that guide the day-to-day running of the company, especially in terms of management-employee interactions, management-customer interactions (feedback), and sales improvement (Rehoboth, 2004). The organizational culture in MM’s is aligned to the basic principles of enhancing employee value preposition, provision of unmatched products and services, and improving efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity through continuous uptake of relevant technologies. According to Keyto n (2005), â€Å"†¦organizational culture is the set of artifacts, values, and assumptions that emerge from the interactions of organizational members† (p. 1). At MM’s, the management is aptly aware that creating an enabling environment for free and effective management-employee communication is the cornerstone to a prosperous and resilient organizational culture. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of IM in the Workplace According to Cameron Webster (2005), â€Å"†¦Instant Messaging (IM) represents a communication technology that allows employees to send and receive short text-based messages in real time and to see who else is on line and currently available to receive messages† (p. 86). Intrinsically grounded on a previous technology known as the Internet Relay Chat, IM was initially intended to offer home internet users a platform through which they could socialize with friends and family members. However, as the efficient and cost-effective capa bilities in supporting informal communications came into the public limelight in the 1990s (Huang Yen, 2003), conscientious and assiduous managers grabbed the opportunity and started to experiment with the technology, especially on how it could be applied to solve or lessen workplace communication challenges.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The discovery and adoption heralded a new form of communication medium that is today known as instant messaging. The uptake of IM by organizations has been unprecedented, with available statistics demonstrating that 26 percent of organizations operating in the U.S. were already using the technology as an official communication service by 2004, and an additional 44 percent of organizations had employees who used the technology on their own (Primeaux Flint, 2004). Market analysts’ projections for corporate IM stood at 229 million users worldwide in the first quarter of 2005 (Cameron Webster, 2005), and IBM (2008) â€Å"†¦estimates are that by 2011 business use of IM will have risen to about 400 million accounts – with applications designed for businesses used in 150 million of those instances† (p. 4). The statistics demonstrates the scope of IM adoption by organizations across a span of less than 10 years, with all indications showing the adoption is on an upward trend. The factors assessed below clearly demonstrate why such a trend in IM adoption is in the offing. IM and Employees Communication Patterns Collaboration is primarily perceived as the initiator of innovation (IBM, 2008), and innovation is key to achieving organizational efficiency, effectiveness and productivity. In today’s competitive business environment, sharing information and experiences can be decisive in driving organizational success and set outcomes, and the IM protocol guarantees an outstanding framework through which employee communication patterns can be molded to enhance information sharing and collaboration within the organization as well as across geographical locations (Quan-Haase et al., 2005). Traditional communication patterns may fail to strike a cord with today’s business requirements especially with the realization that many organizations have switched into virtual workplaces (IBM, 2008), and that employees are expected to have timely i nformation to make sound judgments relating to the daily operations of the organization. As such, IM proactively influences their communication capacities and patterns by not only extending a framework through which relevant knowledge can be tapped from the relationships established with other stakeholders, but also ensuring that the needed information is immediately available when it is needed due to IM’s aspect of immediacy (Symon, 2000). According to Cameroon Webster (2005), IM systems contain a presence or peripheral awareness capacity, implying that the management or employees will have a general sense of who is around what they are currently engaged on at specific times in the workplace. The authors further suggest this type of â€Å"†¦presence awareness represents a type of peer monitoring designed to enhance communication between colleagues† (p. 86). As such, IM greatly influences employee communication patterns by virtue of the fact that users can active ly see the status indicators of other subscribed users who are online, and who are presently available to perform certain functions as may be deemed fit by the organization. This function greatly reduces time wastage, and enables the organization to focus on the available manpower resources to perform tasks that may have great ramifications in terms of enhancing its competitive advantage. Time usage, according to IBM (2008), is critical to the attainment of productive capacities. Huang Yen (2003) observes that the solid and reliant communication patterns extended to employees by IM systems has enhanced workflow processes within organizations and across locations. It is also imperative to note that IM influences employees’ communication patterns by extending to them the capability to engage in multiple, concurrent, and synchronized conversations to influence consensus or decisions made in meetings or other corporate gatherings (Rennecker, 2005). For instance, an employee enga ged in a meeting convened by stakeholders may text his boss to request for advice or clarification while still actively engaged in the normal face-to-face conversation with the stakeholders. Lastly, it is true that the nature of communication in work-settings has dramatically changed and that â€Å"†¦managers and professionals often communicate in fluid, multiple social networks rather than being sorely embedded in a single work group† (Quan-Haase, 2005, para. 1). IM certainly influences the communication patterns in the social networks. Potential Impact of IM to the Organization Many researchers and business analysts have demonstrated a clear interest in evaluating the possible impact of IM as an emerging tool for business communication. The real-time functionality, simplicity of use, unique affordances, and rich presence has been noted by Greengard (2003), Cameroon Webster (2005), Primeaux Flint (2004), and Rennecker et al (2003) as some of the foremost factors why m any organizations are using IM systems for communication purposes. According to Rennecker et al (2003), IM provides the ability to not only detect when other employees are available for communication via the network (presence awareness), but the system makes use of visual prompts to notify recipients of an impending message (visual alerting). In the workplace, these capacities are fundamentally important to drive efficiency, productivity, and ensure that critical time is sparingly used to drive the organization’s agenda forward. The real-time function enables users to get immediate responses, thus are able to act and make decisions based on knowledge and collaboration. This, according to IBM (2008), is a plus in today’s knowledge-based economy. According to Rennecker et al (2005), â€Å"†¦IM is unique in its capability to support multiple, simultaneous, synchronous conversations† (p. 199). This capability, known as polychromic interactivity, is essentially needed in today’s business environment, especially in organizations dealing with offering a wide array of services to multiple clients. In such an arrangement, IM can be used by employees to communicate privately with other employees and request for clarifications or instructions while still engaged in another coordinated interaction, preferably with the customer. When employed in this manner, IM has the capacity to essentially alter the â€Å"†¦temporal ordering of meeting-related interactions, including fact-finding, consensus formation, and decision-making† (Rennecker, 2005, p. 199). This implies that IM does not only saves time, but also enables organizations to enhance their productive capacities by virtue of the fact that the interactions, consensus reached, and the decisions taken will have either positive or negative ramifications on the organization. IBM (2008) underscores the fact that some emerging communication technologies such IM boosts an organizati on’s collaborative capacities, hence its productive acumen. Collaboration, more than anything else, institutes the innovation needed to enable organizations achieve an edge over their competitors. Employees in a virtual workplace are now collaborating using IM, either as a complimentary platform to email communication or as its substitute. According to Quan-Haase et al (2005), IM is also popular among workers since â€Å"†¦it adds speed and ease to workplace communication, and eliminates the time typically lost to ‘telephone tag’ or wasted trips of a coworker who is absent or otherwise occupied† (p. 2). This has obvious time and productivity implications for the organization, not mentioning the fact that it acts as a bridging tool between departments, therefore saving more time and ensuring efficient coordination. Below, some of the disadvantages of IM are evaluated. Disadvantages of IM There has been some weak links and disadvantages associated with emerging technologies, and IM is no exception. Greengard (2003) acknowledges that â€Å"†¦while the goal of staying in touch with employees, customers, and business partners is noble enough, today’s technology can create more than a few diversions and even devastations along the way† (p. 84). According to the author, IM can not only turn into a productivity drain if misused, but it can open a can of worms in terms of security risks and legal issues if it is ineffectually used. The above sentiments are also shared by Chudoba et al (2005) and Primeaux Flint (2004), who argue that most employees take advantage of the communication technology to chat with each other on issues unrelated to business, and to friends and family members outside the organization. Available statistics reveal that â€Å"†¦30 to 40 percent of internet use in the workplace isn’t related to business, and employee misuse of the internet is a $63 billion problem for cooperate America † (Greengard, 2003, p. 85). While IM is only a small component of the enormous internet universe, there is no guarantee that such systems will not be abused by employees in the absence of a strict regulatory framework. Harmful computer viruses can be transmitted via IM protocols, with some having the capacity to sabotage critical business processes. Indeed, hackers and data thieves can easily penetrate the security settings of some free IM services such as Yahoo! Messenger and AOL Instant Messenger due to the fact that the texts sent through IM are not encrypted. Legal challenges can also be potentially dangerous. By virtue of the fact that IM communications are not electronically recorded at the organizational level, â€Å"†¦companies can find themselves in a netherworld where it’s one party’s word against another’s† (Greengard, 2003, p. 84). There are concerns that IM, due to its easy usability, may be a source of interruption of workplace ta sks (Garrett Danziger, 2008). A recent ethnographic study extensively quoted by these authors â€Å"†¦revealed that workers spent an average of just 11 minutes on a task before being interrupted or moving on to a new task, and more than half the interruptions (57%) were unrelated to the task at hand† (p. 1). While it is known that the most common types of workplace interruptions revolves around receiving calls and conversations, some computer-mediated communication platforms such as IM and email can actually exacerbate the problem. In many workplace scenarios, IM supplements other existing forms of communication, resulting in an increase in the overall volume of communications taking place during work hours, thus the disruption of workflow processes (Garrett Danzinger, 2008). In addition, most IM communications are neither initiated nor scheduled by the recipient, and therefore often results in disruption of current activity or workflow processes on the part of the rec ipient. What’s more, companies using the IM protocol to dismiss employees may find themselves being accused of wrong termination in the absence of necessary precautions (Greengard, 2003). Communications Best Suited for IM Due to security concerns, highly sensitive communications should be reserved for other communication channels rather than IM unless the organization has the capacity to encrypt the texts or use a secure IM platform (Greengard, 2003). However, other forms of communications such as customer feedback, employee sensitization and awareness, company notices, strategies and advice, sales and order requests, advertisements, employee collaboration, and human resource decisions can be communicated via IM (Huang Yen, 2003). This is in line with the numerous activities supported by IM such as multi-tasking, informal communications for effective collaboration in the workplace, coordination and scheduling of work-related tasks, organizing short-notice meetings, and socia l networking with friends and family (Nardi et al., 2000). Recommendations MM’s takes cognizance of the fact that enhanced communication between management and employees on the one hand and between management and customers on the other is of fundamental importance in assisting the company to drive its success story into the 21st century (MM Website, 2010). As such, it is recommended that the organization takes a bold step towards formalization of IM as a preferred communication platform especially in communicating general organizational policies to employees and receiving feedback from customers. Available literature has revealed that the communication technology’s real-time functionality, simplicity of use, unique affordances, and rich presence (Greengard, 2003; Cameroon Webster, 2005; Primeaux Flint, 2004; Rennecker et al., 2003) are key ingredients that are destined to drive MM’s success story forward. MM’s greatly depend on its innovative employees to come up with new and enticing candies. To further drive the urge for employees to remain innovative, it is highly recommended for the company to fully adopt IM technology in the workplace so as to enhance interdepartmental collaboration and the development of new ideas. Such a platform will indeed extend frameworks through which the management collaborates with customers to evaluate feedback, and hence develop mechanisms for improvement. According to IBM (2008), IM enhances informal and formal collaboration in the workplace. Lastly, MM’s should come up with ways of utilizing the interactive and immediacy capabilities of IM (Cameroon Webster, 2005) by channeling its advertisements through the platform in efforts aimed at complimenting other mainstream media used by the company for advertisement purposes. At MM’s, it is not difficult to manage IM for optimal deployment since the company exercises an open door communication style that encourages open and independent decision making and responsibility at the individual level. The organizational culture reverberates well with the wishes and aspirations of employees (MM Website, 2010), and as such, it is almost a guarantee that employees will utilize the new technology for the betterment of the organization as well as for their own collaboration. Chudoba et al (2005) argues that many organizations employ several communication technologies to ensure their communication needs are sufficiently met. This internet-based communication technology fits well within MM’s existing frameworks of communication, which are also technology-based. The company mostly utilizes email and telephone communications in the workplace, and satellite communications across geographical locations (Rehoboth, 2004). IM will not only serve in complimentary roles with email in inter-departmental communications, but can also substitute the use of telephones to communicate company policies and strategies to employees. IM can be used to replace satellite communications in areas with network connectivity, further bringing down operational costs and enhancing both efficiency and productive capacities (IBM, 2008). The successful implementation of IM technology in MM’s can only be hindered by security and productivity concerns. As such, the CEO is allowed to introduce austerity measures aimed at curtailing the improper use of the technology by employees. It is also the duty of the chief executive to develop a solid ICT team which will constantly look into ways through which the IM technology can be optimally used by the company and its employees without causing security vulnerabilities as demonstrated by Greegard (2003). As such, end-user security regulations must be introduced to successfully harness the power of IM. The company should also introduce regulations aimed at informing the employees about the complimentary or substitute roles of IM vis-à  -vis other existing platforms so that it is used for the purposes it is intended. This will go a long way in ensuring its success, while curtailing the potential drawbacks already discussed comprehensively in this report. To submit the concluding remarks, it is a well known fact that the pursuit for instantaneous connections and enhanced communication has occasioned the adoption of a wide array of technologies purposely designed to speed up organizational activities (Cameroon Webster, 2005). IM represents one of the most rapidly proliferating communications tools that are swiftly being adopted by global organizations. A critical review of literature contained in this report demonstrates that corporate IM use is substantial and growing. Consequently, the most fundamental thing for MM’s is to swing into action towards ensuring that policies and frameworks are put in place with the aim to holistically harness the power and communication capabilities offered by IM. Reference List Cameroon, A.F., Webster, J. (2005). Unintende d consequences of emerging communication technologies: Instant messaging in the workplace. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(2), 81-103. Chudoba, K.M., Wynne, L.V. M., Watson-Manheim, M.B. (2005). How virtual are we? Measuring virtuality and understanding its impact in the global organization. Information Systems Journal, 15(4), 279-306. Retrieved from Business Source Database. Garrett, R.K., Danziger, J.N. (2008). IM = Interruption management? Instant messaging and disruption in the workplace. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 13, 23-42. Greengard, S. (2003). IM speeds workplace communication, but it can also spell trouble: Workforce Management, 82(7), 84-86. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database. Huang, A.H., Yen, D.C. (2003). Usefulness of instant messaging among users: Social vs. work perspective. Human Systems Management, 22(2), 63-65. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. IBM. (2008). The new collaboration: enabling innovation, changing the workplace . Web. Keyton, J. (2005). Communication and organizational culture: A key to understanding work experiences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. MM Website. (2010). History. Web. Nardi, B.A., Whittaker, S., Bradner, E. (2000). Interaction and outeraction: Instant messaging in action. Proceedings of Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Philadelphia PA, 70-88. Nash, E.L. (2000). Direct Marketing: Strategy, Planning Execution, 4th ED. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Quan-Haase, A., Cothrel, J., Wellman, B. (2005). Instant messaging for collaboration: A case study of a high-tech firm. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(4). Web. Primeaux, R.O., Flint, D. (2004). Instant messaging: Does it belong in the workplace. Intellectual Property Technology Law Journal, 16(11), 5-7. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. Rehoboth, W.G. (2004). Dandy Candy. Convenience Store News, 40(13), 28-31. Rennecker, J., Dennis, A.R., Hansen, S. (2005). Invisib le whispering: Instant messaging in meetings. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 5(24). Web. Symon, G. (2000). Information and communication technologies and the new network organization: A critical analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(4), 389-414. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database. Wax, B (2010). Target Marketing Thrives on the Web. Property Causality Risk Benefit Management, 114(14), 32-36. This report on IM in the Workplace: Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway was written and submitted by user Jovani S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Terrorism response

Terrorism response Know Your Terrorist PAGE 3Know Your TerroristMelissa Chastain, Jesse Digiovanni,Glenda Miranda, and Courtney TerrellUniversity of PheonixCJA/313 OntarioKeith A. GreenNovember 26, 2007Al-Ittihad al-Islami (AIAI)Duale A. Sii'arag (2005). The Birth and Rise of Al-Ittihad Al-Islami in the Somali Inhabited Regions in the Horn of Africa.Al-Wafa al-Igatha al-IslamiaSumner, Tim (2007). Ex-Guantanamo detainees on trial in Morocco for terrorism. Retrieved on November 20, 2007 from 911familiesforamerica.org/?s=guant%C3%A1namoAsbat al-Ansar'Asbat al-Ansar (N.D.). Retrieved on November 20, 2007 from fas.org/irp/world/para/asbat.htm4. Darkazanli CompanyChediak, Mark (2005). Following the Money: Tracking Down Al Qaeda's Fund Raisers in Europe. Retried on November 20, 2007 from http:/www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline5. Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC)Keats, Anthony (2003). Center for Defense Information. The Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC) Retrieved on November 20, 2007 from cdi.o rg/program/issue/document.cfm?DocumentID=386IssueID=56StartRow=1ListRows=10appendURL=Orderby=DateLastUpdatedProgramID=39issueID=56.6. Islamic Army of AdenThe Islamic Army (1999).Sea Tigers freighter sunk by Sri Lankan Air Force ...Abu al-Hassan and the Islamic Army of Aden-Abyan. Retrieved on November 20, 2007 from al-bab.com/yemen/hamza/hassan.htm.7. Libyan Islamic Fighting GroupBlack, Andrew (2007). The Reconstituted Al-Qaeda Threat in the Maghreb. Terrorism Monitor: Vol. 5 Issue 2.8. Jamiat ul-MujahideenMahbub, A. G. (2007). Islamic Terrorist Leaders Shun Suicide. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=351550rel_no=19. Ansar Al-IslamSchanzer, J. (2003). Ansar Al-Islam: Iraq's Al-Qaeda Connection. Retrieved March 25, 2007from frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=557110. Armed Islamic Group (GIA)Pike, J. (2004). Armed Islamic Group. Retrieved March 25, 2007 fromfas.org/irp/world/para/gia.htm11. Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ)Pi ke, J. (2004). Palestine Islamic Jihad. Retrieved March 25, 2007 fromfas.org/irp/world/para/pij.htm12. Jemaah Islamiah, Islamic Group, Islamic CommunityJemaah Islamiyah. (2007). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 25, 2007from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jemaah_Islamiyaholdid=11881530213. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)Pike, J. (2004). Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Retrieved March 25, 2007 fromfas.org/irp/world/para/ltte.htm14. Moranzanist...

Reviewing the literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reviewing the literature - Essay Example 5). The elderly, the malnourished, and those with acute illness are the most vulnerable (Moore and Cowman, 2010, p. 5). Pressure ulcers are a serious problem for older people because of pain, osteomyelitis, sepsis, and mortality that can be associated with the condition (Graumlich et al., 2003, p. 147). Up to 18% of the hospitalized can have pressure sores or ulcers (Moore and Cowman, 2010, p. 5). In nursing homes, a prevalence of 24% was reported (Graumlich et al., 2003, p. 147). Among surgical patients, the incidence of pressure ulcers can be as high as 12 to 45% (Armstrong et al., 2003, p. 647). Pressure sores or ulcers arise when pressure from lying or sitting on a particular body area result to tissue damage and oxygen deprivation to the affected area (Moore and Cowman, 2010, p. 5). Because of continuous pressure, tissues are depleted of blood flow, waste products are not removed from the wound and the wound fails to get oxygen and nutrient supply that are all necessary for heal ing (Moore and Cowman, 2010, p. 5). According to Graumlich et al. (2003, p. ... In the United States, Graumlich et al. (2001, p. 645) estimated that the cost of treatment for pressure ulcers exceeded US$1 billion annually. Heyneman et al. (2008, p. 1165) reported based on the study of Severens and others in 2002 that the cost of pressure ulcers is about 1% of the health care budget. Of course, prevention is the cornerstone of care for pressure ulcer (Heyneman et al., 2008, p. 1165). However, when pressure ulcers already took place, there are several modes of treatments available. One of them is repositioning (Moore and Cowman, 2010). Another mode of treatment involves the use of collagen (Graumlich et al., 2003). Still another treatment involves the use of phenytoin (Hollisaz et al., 2004). Finally, another way is through hydrocolloids (Hollisaz et al., 2004; Belmin et al., 2002; Heyneman et al., 2008; Graumlich et al., 2003; and Thomas, 2008). The modes of treatments enumerated do not exhaust the modes of treatments feasible or possible on pressure ulcers but w e focus on the use of hydrocolloids. Heyneman et al. (2008, p. 1165) reported that a wide range of treatment is available and the treatment methods can be subdivided into secondary prevention, topical products, surgical treatment and physiotherapy. The word â€Å"hydrocolloids† was coined in the 1960s in the development of mucoadhesives in the combination between carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with adhesives and tackifiers for treating mouth ulcers (Thomas, 2008, p. 602). Thomas (2008, p. 602) reported the term hydrocolloids was subsequently adopted to describe a new type of dressing based on the technology (Thomas, 2008, p. 602). The dressing technology identified as hydrocolloid, a hydrophilic gelable mass was applied in a